CERVICAL CANCER

What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix, this is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. This is due to the unlimited growth of cells around the cervix [1, 2]. If left untreated, these abnormal cells can spread beyond the cervix to other parts of the body, making early detection crucial [2]. 



What causes cervical Cancer?

The most common risk factor for cervical cancer is infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact, which is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer [1, 3]. While most HPV infections clear on their own, certain high-risk strains can, over time, trigger cancerous changes in cervical cells [3].

Other risk factors for cervical cancer include age, with women over the age of 30 being at higher risk, as well as lifestyle factors such as age at first coitus, unprotected sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, use of some birth control pills, and smoking. [2, 3]. A weakened immune system, including from HIV infection, can also accelerate disease progression, with women living with HIV being up to six times more likely to develop cervical cancer than the general population [1].


What are the symptoms?

In many cases, early cervical cancer causes no noticeable symptoms, which is one reason routine screening is so important [4]. When symptoms do appear, they may include:

  • Unusual vaginal bleeding — such as bleeding after sex, between periods, or after menopause
  • Changes in vaginal discharge, including unusual color, consistency, or odor
  • Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
  • Pain or discomfort during sex [4]

It is worth noting that these symptoms can also be caused by many other, less serious conditions. However, they should always be evaluated by a healthcare provider to rule out cervical cancer or other underlying issues [4].


How can it be prevented?

Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers, and there are several effective strategies to reduce risk [1].

Screening: Regular cervical screening including the Pap test, which collects cells from the cervix to check for abnormal changes, and HPV testing is one of the most reliable tools for detecting pre-cancerous changes before they progress [2, 5]. Catching these changes early makes treatment far simpler and more effective.

Vaccination: The HPV vaccine is highly effective at preventing the viral infections most responsible for cervical cancer [1]. The CDC recommends vaccination for preteens starting at age 11 or 12, though it can begin as early as age 9, with catch-up vaccination available through age 26 for those not previously vaccinated [5].

Lifestyle choices: Quitting smoking and practicing safe sex including consistent condom use are additional steps that can help lower overall risk [3, 5].

Can it be treated?

When detected early, cervical cancer is treatable, with significantly better outcomes at earlier stages [6]. Treatment options depend on the stage and extent of the disease, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches [6]. 

Your medical care team will work with you to determine the most appropriate plan based on your individual circumstances.

Conclusion

Cervical cancer is a serious condition, but it is also one of the most preventable and treatable cancers when identified early. Routine screening, HPV vaccination, and healthy lifestyle habits are your strongest tools for protection. 

Please speak with your healthcare provider today to find out how and when you should be tested.

Photo credit: Pexels.com

[This article was last reviewed and updated in February 2026 to reflect current evidence and guidelines.]

References

  1. World Health Organization. Cervical cancer. Updated 2024. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cervical cancer basics. Updated 2025. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/about/index.html
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cervical cancer risk factors. Updated 2024. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
  4. National Health Service (NHS). Cervical cancer: Symptoms. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cervical-cancer/symptoms/
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reducing risk for cervical cancer. Updated 2025. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/prevention/index.html
  6. National Cancer Institute. Cervical cancer treatment Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/patient/cervical-treatment-pdq




Cynthia Chisom Edeh is a physician-scientist with years of clinical and research experience focused on evidence-based research for health promotion, disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.